Glossary

GLOSSARY

A - B - C - D - H - I - M - P - S - V

- A -

AUTOMATION

A method that allows a parameter to change automatically during playback, without manual intervention. For example, you can automate volume, panning, reverb amount, etc.

Depending on the features of the sequencer you’re using, there are generally two ways to do this:
* The first involves enabling automation recording (usually there’s a dedicated button in the software), then playing the track. While it plays, you adjust the desired parameter in real-time (raise the volume, pan left to right, adjust compression, etc.). Stop playback once done. Repeat to automate another parameter (e.g., first volume, then panning, etc.).
* The second method involves drawing automation curves directly in the sequencer, which represent how the parameter changes over time.

Once you're done, the changes are saved and will automatically apply during every playback, following the recorded curves.

- B -

BUS

In a sequencer, a bus is an auxiliary track. It doesn’t contain sound itself but is used to group multiple tracks together to apply shared processing. For example, if your song has six rhythm guitar tracks, you can create a “Rhythm Guitars” bus and apply a reverb and compressor to it. All six guitars will then share the same reverb and compression. You can also automate the volume or panning on the bus, and it will affect all six tracks simultaneously.
The Reaper sequencer doesn't use buses per se, but any track can be turned into a folder, and you can route other tracks into it via the input/output system—effectively achieving the same result.

- C -

CABINET

Often shortened to "cab", this term refers to a speaker enclosure, that is the box that contains one or more speakers and transmits the sound of a guitar or bass. The sonic characteristics of a cabinet depend on its type, number, size, and power of the speakers, the size of the box, the wood used, whether it's open or closed back, etc.

C.A.M.

"Computer-Aided Music": the activity of using a computer to compose, record, or mix music, whether acoustic or electronic.

- D -

D.A.W.

This acronym stands for “Digital Audio Workstation”. It's a piece of software you use to record and mix music. Examples: Cubase, Logic, Reaper, Studio One, Sonar, Bitwig, Pro Tools, Luna, etc.

- H -

HOME STUDIO

Refers to a recording studio set up in a private home, as opposed to a professional studio. This type of setup has grown significantly in recent years, thanks to computers making it possible to produce music at home with a quality close to, or sometimes equal to, that of professional studios. Of course, this depends on the gear available, the possible acoustic treatment of the room, and—above all—the talent of the home producer. The best gear in the world won’t replace talent, whereas a skilled musician or sound engineer will make the most of whatever equipment they have.
At the heart of the setup is a computer (Mac or PC) equipped with an audio interface dedicated to music production. Depending on the user's needs, you’ll typically also find monitoring speakers, headphones, a microphone, a MIDI keyboard, a mixing desk, a control surface, a synthesizer, and acoustic instruments (guitar, bass, harmonica, percussion, etc.).

- I -

IMPULSE RESPONSE (IR)

Audio files designed to replicate the acoustic characteristics of a space (room, church, cave, car interior, etc.), an object (vacuum cleaner tube, bucket, wooden chest, etc.), or a playback system (hi-fi speaker, guitar amp cab, headphones, telephone handset, etc.).
These audio files are used in any software or plugin capable of loading impulse responses.
By sending a sound through an impulse loader with the chosen impulse, it will sound as if it was recorded in the corresponding space or through the corresponding gear. This can simulate, for example, recording a voice or instrument in a church, a bathroom, or through a particular amplifier model.

- M -

MIDI

"Musical Instrument Digital Interface".
This is a protocol for communication and data control. A MIDI track in a sequencer does not contain sound like an audio track does. Instead, it holds data about the notes played on an external keyboard, or notes entered manually into the sequencer's score editor. These notes contain only "MIDI messages", which describe the note’s pitch, length, velocity, etc.
The sound is produced by a virtual instrument linked to the MIDI track. This virtual instrument can be a VSTi plugin, but MIDI can also control external hardware instruments (like a synthesizer). To communicate with external gear, the instrument must have MIDI connections, and you'll need a MIDI interface—or an audio interface with built-in MIDI.

- P -

PANNING

In stereo music, panning refers to placing sounds across the left-right stereo field. In a sequencer, it's easy to place a sound wherever you like: center, left, right, or anywhere in between. You can even move a sound from left to right or vice versa at any point during the track.

PLUGIN

A plugin is a piece of software added to a host application to extend its functionality. In computer-assisted music, the host is usually the sequencer, and plugins are either effects (like EQ, reverb, compressor, etc.) or virtual instruments (piano, drums, synth, etc.). There are several plugin formats: the most common on Windows PCs is VST. Pro Tools uses RTAS, and on Mac, the most common format is AU.

- S -

SEQUENCER

A sequencer is a piece of software dedicated to audio. Simply put, it’s a multitrack recorder.
A sequencer allows you to record audio data, MIDI data—or both.
It also lets you apply various effects (plugins available in different formats like VST) to shape and modify the recorded sounds.
Finally, a sequencer enables the use of virtual instruments (plugins such as VSTi) that emulate the sounds of acoustic instruments (guitar, violin, xylophone, drums, etc.) or electronic ones (synths, drum machines, sound effects, etc.).
The English acronym D.A.W. (Digital Audio Workstation) is often used.
The French equivalent, STAN (Station de Travail Audio-Numérique), is a proposed alternative.

SPEAKER

An internal component of a cabinet, whose technical characteristics play a major role in defining the sound of the enclosure. Changing the speaker changes the sound completely. Their size also determines their ability to reproduce low or high frequencies. Often abbreviated as "SPKR" or simply "HP" in French.

- V -

VST

A plugin standard created by Steinberg, originally for its Cubase sequencer, but now widely adopted and the most common plugin format on Windows PCs.
VSTs are effect plugins, such as reverb, compression, delay, EQ, guitar amp simulators, and more. There are countless VSTs, both free and paid—many of which aim to emulate real-world hardware, like Fender or MesaBoogie amps, TubeTech compressors, and so on.
Virtual instruments, on the other hand, fall under the VSTi category.

VSTi

A variation of the VST format, VSTi refers to *virtual instruments*—software-based emulations of acoustic or electronic instruments. There’s a vast range available, from pianos and violins to all kinds of synthesizers, accordions, flutes, and drum kits.